1、复合句和标点符号。

1）句子或者从句要完整，要有主、谓和宾语。

On May 20, 1927,Charles Lindbergh, a 25 year old from the Midwest, embarked on ajourney. Destined to become the first successful solo, non stop flight fromNew York to Paris.

划线部分改为“embarked on a journey destined tobecome the first successful solo, nonstop flight from New York to Paris. ”

… that instinct having precluded a change in territorial preference. (“that”从句，需要谓语动词，而非谓语动词 “havingprecluded” 不能做谓语，所以此句不完整，改为“hasprecluded”.)

2）一个句子不能出现两个动词（联动）。

To many, Prince Vlad was a nationalhero and call him Dracula reduces him to Stoker’s fictional monster. (该句子里面出现了两个动词：call 和 reduce , 所以call要改为“to call”做主语)。

3）非谓语动词的逻辑主语必须和主句的主语符合。

Horrified by trench warfare, alasting imprint was left on the generation of Europ ean intellectuals…(过去分词逻辑主语和主句主语不一致，所以改为The horrorof trench warfare left a lasting imprint…)

4）一些连接词或者介词及其短语，如however, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding, despite, inspite of ,due to 的用法。

However: used when you areadding a fact or piece of information that seems surprising, or seems verydifferent from what you have just said

Nevertheless / nonetheless: inspite of a fact you have just mentioned

Notwithstanding: (是介词，不能跟句子) in spiteof

In spite of /despite: 介词或者介词短语，不能跟句子，表示“尽管如此”。

Due to: 由于。

5）关于标点符号。

A.逗号不能连接两个句子；英语从句连接必须有连接词。

B.连接词使用，如“although,when”等，要断句, 要用逗号, 即两个从句之间需要逗号。

e.g. Although the exact cause for such journeys is impossibleto determine.Scientists speculate that continental drift has pulledtraditional seasonal homes far apart ….

F. No Change G..determine-scientists H. determine; scientists J.determine,scientists (答案为J)

e.g. When soldiers deserted his army orfailed to meet his military standards received the same treatment. (后半句应改为：standards, they received the sametreatment. )

e.g. Before Mary could reach the teacher she saw the woman offerthe bird part of bagel. (划线部分需要在“teacher”和“she”之间增加一个逗号。)

C.短语之间不必加逗号，“that”引导的宾语从句、限制性定语从句之前都不加逗号，而“which,who”引导的非限制定语从句，一定要加“逗号”。

e.g. I went to the library every night, smuggling in big cups of coffee,to keep me awake…(划线部分逗号不需要)

e.g. We were all charged with the excitement, that comes fromembarking on a great adventure…(划线部分逗号不需要)。

e.g My father, who snores loudly, always sleeps in his long johns. （非限制性定语从句需要逗号）

D.“and”连接的并列句必须增加“逗号”。

Susie ate seven hamburgers, and that’s why she was sick.

E.冒号表示说明前面的内容。

e.g I changed into my uniform and immediately got my first customers,a father, with tow little boys.(划线部分个逗号需要改成冒号)

F.分号表示两个并列的句子。

G.破折号表示停顿，或者插入语，句子中间需要两个破折号，结尾处一个就可以。

2、省略原则，(omit the underline), 简介原则, 尽量简化语言的使用。

e.g.. “similarly/likewise , alter/ change，complex and complicated，adaptations and adjustments” 等类似同义的词不必两个合在一起使用； people whowrite (改为writers)。

3、“For doing sth” 不能表示目的，“to do sth”表示。

e.g.. For understanding why they do it, we need only look at thechanging seasons in the north. (“for doing sth”不能放在句首表示目的，所以原句要改为 “toundertand”)。

4、动词有名词形式，一般不用“动名词”（contribute/contribution）。

e.g.. they domesticated the plants and animals they needed forsurviving. (for survival)

e.g.. the story of Martian’s invading of Earth. (invasion)

e.g.. Max Ernst is best known for contributing to this movementwas the development of the frottage technique. contributing 要改为 contribution, 所以该部分改为：Max’sbest-known contribution)

5、时态、人称一致，现在时态不能和过去完成时连用，过去时不能和现在完成时连用。

e.g. When he got back to the UnitedStates, the uproar only has grown. (过去时态 不能和现在时态连用，后面必须改为“grew”.)

e.g. Why do they travel so very far? During its migration from equatorialAfrica to northern Europe, the white stork crossed the Sahara Desert andthe Mediterranean Sea. (时态不一致，整个语篇是现在时，后面不能使用过去)

6、平行原则，要同类，如词性、结构等。

e.g. Agriculture necessitated the storage of seedstock, the division of labor, and allocating land. (句子宾语出现两个名词结构，最后是“allocating”这样的动词现在分词，明显是不平行)。

7、某些明显错误，如 “may have travel”, “between my brother andI”. “there behavior”. “pushed she”等要在句子中根据自己语言常识和语感做出判断。

8、连系动词＋形容词，如remain, seem, smell, look, appear, feel等，（remain+strongly为错误）

9、副词修饰“形容词”（ly为后缀的此类一般为副词）

e.g. “a neutrally country”错误因为副词不能修饰名词。

10、Each of , Either of , neither of为单数，both of 为复数。 all of,some of取决于后面的名词词性，如果是可数名词，就用复数，否则就用单数。“Eitherblacks or whites ”为错误，要改为 “both blacks and whites”.

11、某些抽象名词为不可数，如a given piece of land, information, news,advice

12、某些特殊的结构：“it” 结构，“Given” （表示从……看，相当于“Considering”）

e.g.: Lindebergh flew without a co-pilot, anextremely risky undertaking despite the duration of the flight and theexhaustion… (改为“given”.)

13、名词、代词数要统一

e.g.. The Dada movement had lost much of their impetusby the early 1920s. (主语是单数，代词也要用单数，“their”要改为“its”)

14、文章排序先确定首尾。要根据选项提示判断首句，尾句。

15、要判断文章的主要大意，需要看选项归纳性、全面性，不能选择片面的，含义的选项。此条原则也适用于阅读理解同类题目。

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