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应用范围
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领域
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人名
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5W & HOW
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1. 挑战权威
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挑战权威
失败成功
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科学
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John Nash
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1) American mathematician, 1994 Nobel Economics laureate, subject of the book and film titled A Beautiful Mind
2) Game Theory博弈理论
3) Nash equilibrium纳什均衡
4) Questioning the theories in The wealth of Nations written by Adam Smith
5) in 1950, in Princeton University Doctor Degree
Before 1950s, the economic theory of Adam Smith (who was respected as the father of modern economics) was prevalently accepted in the realm of economics and finance.
In the book of The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith claimed that individual ambition serves the common good, which means that if the individual member of a group just strives to earn their own interests, the whole group will benefit. It would be presumptuous to challenge his theory at that time. Yet, John Nash found the flaws of this theory, hence he questioned Smith’s theory without any hesitation by insisting that sometimes the ambitions of individuals are conflicting, which would lead to negative results to the whole group.
Through insisting this belief and personal persistent endeavor, Nash developed a systematical theory called “Nash equilibrium”, which fundamentally changed the realm of economics. Due to the breakthrough of this magnitude, Nash won the Nobel Prize of Economics in 1994 for his eminent contribution.
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挑战权威
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商人
公司
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Jack Welch
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1) the former CEO of General Electric
2) 1981-- 12 billion à 2001 -- 280 billion
3) Market capital
4) No one should allow himself to be the victim of an institution
5) Bureaucracy -- tends to be formal
6) Made General Electric “informal”
7) Through insisting this belief and personal persistent endeavor, Nash developed a systematical theory called “Nash equilibrium”, which fundamentally changed the realm of economics. Due to the breakthrough of this magnitude, Nash won the Nobel Prize of Economics in 1994 for his eminent contribution.
8) adopted Motorola's Six Sigma quality program in late 1995
9) Elixir
10) Allow the company to move quickly, to communicate fluently
11) Welch’s net worth is estimated at $720 million
12) 1999: was named “Manager of the Century” by Fortune magazine
By challenging people in authority, Welch injected a fresh, healthy blood to GE and made it a top company.
During the period of 1970s, when Jack Welch first went into General Electric, he found out that although it was a prominent company with high reputation, it actually suffered from numerous problems about management. Most notably, the bureaucracy, which was characterized as the extreme formality of everything in the company, resulting in the low efficiency of management and communication among the different departments. In the year of 1981, when he became the CEO of General Electric, he was afraid to make changes during the first months. Nevertheless, believing that no one should allow himself to be the victim of an institution,
Jack Welch finally decided to change the bureaucratic form of management, to make GE “informal”.
Ulteriorly, he shut down factories, reduced payrolls and cut lackluster old-line unit. To destroy the nine-layer management hierarchy, which was the embryo of bureaucracy, each year, he would fire the bottom 10% of his managers. Despite the immense opposition from the board of the company at the beginning, Welch insisted his action. Due to his persistent endeavor, 20 years later, the market capital of GE had grown from 12 billion in 1981 to 280 billion in 2001. Likewise, Welch’s net worth was estimated at 720 million dollars in that year and was also named as “Manager of the Century” by Fortune magazine.
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挑战权威
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公司
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Henry Ford
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Model T (500 - 50)
Assembly Line
Adopt
Greatly increased productivity
$825 in 1908 -- $360 in 1926
Challenging the old and prevalent method of manufacturing automobiles,
TS: Henry Ford created a miracle in the history, a miracle which made the luxury automobiles not exclusive to the rich.
Example: At the beginning of 20th century, due to the limits of traditional manufacturing method, which required one individual to finish the whole process, the average hours spent on producing one single automobile were 500, which led to a severe problem that the price of each single car was exorbitantly high.
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挑战权威
失败与成功
价值观
名人效应
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娱乐界
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Oprah Winfrey
脱口秀女王奥普拉
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1) a hardship: be raped at age nine and becoming pregnant at 14; her son died in infancy
2) September 8, 1986, an American television host of "The Oprah Winfrey Show" High school: landed a job in radio; 19: began co-anchoring the local evening news; Emotional ad-lib delivery; Be transferred to the daytime talk show arena
3) “The Oprah Effect”-- in 1996“Oprah’s Book Club” The book club became such a powerful force that whenever Winfrey introduced a new book as her book-club selection, it instantly became a best-seller; for example, when she selected the classic John Steinbeck novel East of Eden, it soared to the top of the book charts.
3) the world's first black billionaire -- Forbes' international rich list ranked Winfrey as the world’s black billionaire worth over $2.7 billion in Sept, 2010
4) the greatest black philanthropist in American history-- In 1998, Winfrey created the Oprah’s Angel Network， a charity that supported charitable projects and provided grants to nonprofit organizations around the world. Oprah's Angel Network raised more than $80,000,000
失败成功TS: Oprah Winfrey’s experience assures that, through persistent endeavor, any misfortune or hardship in our lives are really the indispensible routes to success.
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挑战权威
失败后成功
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娱乐界
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Charlie Chaplin 卓别林
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1) an English comic actor, film director and composer best-known for his work during the silent film era -- mime; slapstick
Chaplin was knighted in 1975 at the age of 85 as a Knight Commander of the British Empire (KBE) by Queen Elizabeth II
2) 1952 -- McCarthy era (麦卡锡主义)迫害
3) hardship--father died at 37; mother mental disability
His parents were entertainers in the music hall tradition; his father, Charles Spencer Chaplin Sr, was a vocalist and an actor while his mother, Hannah Chaplin, was a singer and an actress.(父母对孩子的影响)
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挑战权威
追求完美
合作
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娱乐界
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James Cameron
《阿凡达》导演詹姆斯.卡梅隆
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1) a Canadian film director, producer and inventor
2) achievement -- Cameron's Titanic and Avatar are the two highest-grossing films of all time at $1.8 billion and $2.7 billion respectively. Avatar was nominated for nine Academy Awards.
3) interest -- Cameron enrolled at Fullerton College at 17, a 2-year community college, in 1973 to study Physics. He switched to English, then dropped out before the start of the fall 1974 semester.
After seeing the original Star Wars film in 1977, Cameron quit his job as a truck driver to enter the film industry
4) Avatar delay -- in 1995, James Cameron wrote an 80 page scriptment for Avatar and announced in 1996 that he would make the film after completing Titanic.
But the plan was delayed to due to the technology. In December 2006, Cameron explained that the delay in producing the film since the 1990s had been to wait until the technology necessary to create his project was advanced enough.
5) Cooperation -- It is composed almost entirely of computer-generated animation, using a more advanced version of the "performance capture" technique used by director Robert Zemeckis in The Polar Express.
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挑战权威
名人崇拜
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文化+艺术
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Lady Gaga
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1) an American pop singer-songwriter, 5 Grammy Awards
2) At age 17, Gaga gained early admission to the New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, she soon signed with Interscope Records
3) The Queen song "Radio Ga Ga" inspired her stage name, "Lady Gaga". She commented: "I adored Freddie Mercury and Queen had a hit called 'Radio Gaga'. That's why I love the name. Freddie was unique—one of the biggest personalities in the whole of pop music."
4) unconventionality "highly entertaining and innovative"
blood-spurting performance of "Paparazzi" at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards was described as "eye-popping" by MTV. She continued the "blood soaked" theme in The Monster Ball Tour, in which she wore a revealing leather corset and is "attacked" by a performer dressed in black who gnaws on her throat, causing "blood" to spurt down her chest, after which she lies "dying" in a pool of blood.
5) 2010 MTV Video Music Awards wearing a dress supplemented by boots, a purse and a hat—each fabricated from the flesh of a dead animal. The dress, named Time magazine's Fashion Statement of 2010 and more widely known as the "meat dress",was made by Argentinian designer Franc Fernandez and received divided opinions—evoking the attention of worldwide media but invoking the fury of animal rights organization PETA.
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挑战权威
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文化+艺术
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Alexandre Gustave Eiffel
埃菲尔铁塔
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1) a French structural engineer and an architect
2) Eiffel Tower: Named for its designer, engineer Gustave Eiffel, built in 1889, a global icon of France; stands 324 meters tall
The tower was much criticized by the public when it was built, with many calling it an eyesore. Newspapers of the day were filled with angry letters from the arts community of Paris. However the beautiful structure leading to a novel architectural design age has aroused people’s serious attention more than anything else. Its aesthetics, beyond the original doubt has attracted tourists too numerous to mention, completely creating a new epoch of structural technology. Moreover the design has triggered in-depth study of what the essence of beauty is, followed by modern aphorisms like: “form follows function”.
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文化+艺术
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Louvre pyramid
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Louvre pyramid: The construction of the pyramid triggered considerable controversy because many people felt that the futuristic edifice looked quite out of place in front of the Louvre Museum with its classical architecture. Certain detractors ascribed a "Pharaonic complex" to Mitterrand. Others lauded the juxtaposition of contrasting architectural styles as a successful merger of the old and the new, the classical and the ultra-modern. It has been accepted by more critics alongside the understanding of the juxtaposition leading to a new era of architecture and urban planning.
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文化+艺术
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Zaha Hadid
扎哈·哈迪德
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1) born in 1950 in Baghdad, Iraq. She received a degree in mathematics from the American University of Beirut before moving to study at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London.
2) In 2004 Hadid became the first female recipient of the Pritzker Architecture Prize
3) the designer of the Dongdaemun Design Plaza & Park in Seoul, South Korea, and Guangzhou Opera House (2010)
4) by Time magazine as influential thinker in the 2010 TIME 100 issue.
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失败成功
英雄
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Temple Grandin 美国传奇自闭症患者天宝.葛兰汀博士
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1) an American doctor of animal science-- “Animanls are not Thins”
2) diagnosed with autism(自闭症) in 1950 at the age of 3
3) autism advocacy and inventor of the hug machine designed to calm hypersensitive persons.
4) She has described her hypersensitivity to noise and other sensory stimuli. She claims she is a primarily visual thinker (视觉思考者) and has said that words are her second language. Temple attributes her success as a humane livestock facility designer to her ability to recall detail, which is a characteristic of her visual memory.
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Roosevelt
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The great depression of 1929 brought into existence, the numerous finance laws which made sure that such disastrous economic recession would not hit the society to a extent it did in 1929. It regulated many banking policies and financial decisions which curbed the aggressive ambition of money-makers and made it possible for a middle class man to achieve economic growth. The finance laws underwent changes because of the circumstances.
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挑战权威
失败成功
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Mohandas Gandhi
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1) Indian nationalist leader, who established his country's freedom through a nonviolent revolution.
2) In 1891, after having been admitted to the British bar, Gandhi returned to India and attempted to establish a law practice in Bombay (now Mumbai), with little success.
3) Two years later an Indian firm with interests in South Africa retained him as legal adviser in its office in Durban. Arriving in Durban, Gandhi found himself treated as a member of an inferior race. He was appalled at the widespread denial of civil liberties and political rights to Indian immigrants to South Africa. He threw himself into the struggle for elementary rights for Indians.
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挑战权威
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政治
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Winston Churchill 温斯顿·丘吉尔
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1) a British politician and statesman known for his leadership of the United Kingdom during the Second World War.
2) 1929 political isolation
“the wilderness years” Churchill became estranged from the Conservative leadership over the issues of protective tariffs and Indian Home Rule and by his political views
3) Prime Minister (1940-45; 1951-55)
4) Second World War, Britain over Nazi Germany, Hitler
His steadfast refusal to consider defeat, surrender or a compromise peace helped inspire British resistance, especially during the difficult early days of the War when Britain stood alone in its active opposition to Hitler. Churchill was particularly noted for his speeches and radio broadcasts, which helped inspire the British people. He led Britain as Prime Minister until victory had been secured over Nazi Germany.
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挑战权威
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Martin Luther King
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1) American clergyman, activist and prominent leader in the African American civil rights movement through disobedience and non-violent means
2) led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott
3) delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech at Lincoln Memorial on Washington, March 1963
4) Raised the public consciousness of the civil rights movement
End racial segregation and racial discrimination
5) 1964: the youngest person to receive Nobel Peace Prize
6) 1986: Martin Luther King, Jr Day was established as a U.S. national holiday
TS: Through the process of questioning the racial view held by the majority of American society, Martin Luther King ended racial discrimination and therefore became one of the human rights icons.
Example: Before the time of 1950s, the major society of United States held a stubborn prejudice that due to the color of their skin, African Americans were destined to be discriminated, which led to numerous discrimination and persecution towards this vulnerable group.
Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929-1968), American clergyman and Nobel Prize winner, one of the principal leaders of the American civil rights movement and a prominent advocate of nonviolent protest. King’s challenges to segregation and racial discrimination in the 1950s and 1960s helped convince many white Americans to support the cause of civil rights in the United States. After his assassination in 1968, King became a symbol of protest in the struggle for racial justice.
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