雅思阅读如何科学的搞定难题型?每当烤鸭们被问及最害怕什么阅读题型时,List of headings 总是列居榜首。
究其原因有二:
只凭借段首段尾句有时找不到与之匹配的小标题,例如下面《剑桥真题集8》中的这道例题;
在有限的时间内读不完整个段落,就算能读完,苦于一个段落信息太多,不知哪句话是重点,或是不知道如何概括信息。
原文:Thus aging and death should not be
seen as inevitable, particularly as the organism possess many mechanisms for repair. … This is the basic problem of evolution.
正确答案选项:Why dying is beneficial
出自《剑8》
鉴于崭新更新出的《剑桥真题集12》每个Test 都考到了小标题,考生们不应忽视更不应放弃这种极易连环选错的题型。那么针对这种题型,我们到底应该如何科学应对呢?
首先,要明确段落小标题的考点大部分情况下不是考整个段落的概括,而是考段落中心句的同义替换。其次,找准中心句后应该匹配同义替换的选项,而不是匹配原词重现的选项。
如何快速找到中心句?
平行阅读高效找到中心句
对于出现小标题的文章,利用平行阅读法找标题效。
先浏览小标题的选项,大致了解文章的主要内容,然后做一个段落配的其它题型,这个段落配的题都是这段话的重点,因此可以以此为据去找段落标题。
例如《剑桥真题集12》 Test 8-Passage 3 中的例子:
判断题:37 Using a committee structure would ensure that board members are fully informed about significant issues.
出自C段,对应原文…committees…may be more efficient but can mean that the board as a whole is less involved in fully addressing some of the most important issues.
不难选出与之相匹配的标题vi。
填空题:38 Before 2008, non-executive directors were at a disadvantage because of their lack of ________.
出自D段,对应原文:However, more professional and better-informed boards would have been particularly appropriate for banks when the executives had access to information that parttime non-executive directors lacked.
根据这句话的信息可以匹配到小标题viii。
当一个段落配的其它题目“料”够足时,甚至可以直接根据该题信息找到与之相关的小标题,例如:
填空题:39 Boards tend to place too much emphasis on ________ considerations that are only of short-term relevance. 对应小标题vii。
填空题:40 On certain matters, such as pay, the board may have to accept the views of________ . 对应小标题i。
由此可见,利用平行阅读法找小标题一石二鸟,事半功倍!
利用段落结构找到中心句
对于那些后面没有配其它题的段落,无法通过平行阅读来找小标题,该怎么办呢?
咱们还可以利用段落结构找到中心句。所谓读写不分家,想要了解雅思阅读文章的段落结构,可以先想想自己写作中的段落布局。考生一直“秉承”语文的影响,认为中心句一定在首句或尾句,其实不然。
常见的段落结构有三种:
A. 总分(总)或分总
B. 驳论
C. 提问题- 回答问题。
在考场上读到一个段落,我们并不知道这个段落属于上面哪种结构,所以需要考生先给段落划分句子,即看到句点画斜线隔开。画斜线时注意瞻前顾后,看看是否有转折词眼或问号或结论词眼。倘若有这三种信号词中的任意一种即为中心句,倘若这三种信号词都没有,则看段首句。
对于最熟悉的种段落结构,在此不多赘言,主要介绍如何利用后两种段落结构找对应的小标题。
驳论:标志词有yet, but, however, although,despite 等。
例如剑11-Test 4-Passage 3
原文:(Para. C) …/But run them through the cogs and wheels of the language machine, let it arrange them in some very special orders, and there is nothing that these meaningless streams of air cannot do./…
标题:ii The way in which a few sounds are organized to convey a huge range of meaning
再如剑8-Test 3-Passage 3
原文:(Para. D)…/Although more and more people attain an advanced age as a result of developments in medical care and better nutrition, the characteristic upper limit for most remains 80 years./…
标题:vii A stable life span despite improvements
当某个段落内部既有问句又有转折词时,优先视驳论为中心句。
提问题- 回答问题:标志为问号。段首问句为该段中心句,段尾问句为下一段中心句,段中的问句也得留心。
段首为问句时,不必急着去看后面的问答,精读问句即可。
例如剑7-Test 1-Passage 2:
原文:(Para. G) What explains this remarkable turn of events? ( 代词this turn 指代上一段尾句water demand has actually fallen.)
标题:ii An explanation for reduced water use
段尾的问句为下一段的中心句,
例如剑8-Test 3-Passage 3:
原文:(Para. A) …/But are the wear and tear and loss of function of technical objects and the death of living organisms really similar or comparable?
标题:(Para. B) ix Fundamental differences in aging of objects and organisms
考生通过一定的找转折词和句号训练,都能练就一副鹰眼,快速找到段落中心句。
但是,不少“烤鸭”却在找对应的标题选项时前功尽弃,被“烤”挂了。怎样才能准确找到对应的选项呢?
如何深入匹配到同义替换的选项?
在匹配选项时考生们常犯两种错误:一是过度“青睐”原词重现的选项,二是断章取义看选项。
下面看看这两个坏习惯是如何让考生们成功入套的。
例如剑12-Test 8-Passage 3-Paragph A,不少学生根据中心句The role of bank directors and management and their widely publicised failures have been extensively picked over and examined in reports, inquiries and commentaries.
选了小标题ii The impact on companies of being subjected to close examination。
因为看到了extensively…examined 和close examination 原词重现,但没有注
意到小标题ii 讲的是impact,断章取义,不看全选项只能黯然伤神。
再如剑7-Test 3-Passage 2-Paragph F, 学生找的段首总说句为中心句
There are two other kinds of research that have thrown some light on the origins of the Native American population; they involve the study of teeth and of languages.
选了小标题iii Greenberg's analysis of the dentaland linguistic evidence。
因为看到了teeth and language 和dental and linguistic,殊不知整段话中从来没有出现过Greenberg。
所以,要想深入选到与之匹配的小标题必须要注意两点:一是中心句与选项之间的同义替换,二是注意看全选项,避免断章取义。如果注意到这两点,上面剑12 的例子,学生才会注意到Para. 2 中The knock-on effect of this scrutiny 和小标题ii The impact on companies of being subjected to close examination 之间的同义替换。
对于上面剑8 的例子,学生在划分句子瞻前顾后时,注意到没有遇到 Greenberg 这个人名,而转向去选小标题ii dental evidence。
综上所述,在做List of headings 题型时,要注意利用平行阅读法和段落结构快速找到段落中心句;在匹配选项时,注意同义替换和看全选项。如此一来,
烤鸭们在考场上遇到List of headings才不觉得扎心。