剑桥雅思阅读真题解析-剑14Test2Passage2-Back to the future of-摘要填空题

剑桥雅思阅读真题解析-剑14Test2Passage2-Back to the future of-摘要填空题

整体分析

文章有段落信息配对题和摘要填空题，我们先做摘要填空题，再做段落信息配对题。

摘要填空题

Questions 19- 26

Complete the summary below.

Choose ONE WORD ONLY from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 19-26 on your answer sheet.

Ventilation in 19th-century hospital wards

Professor Alan Short examined the work of John Shaw Billings, who influenced the architectural 19 ...................... of hospitals to ensure they had good ventilation. He calculated that 20 ...................... in the air coming from patients suffering from 21 ...................... would not have harmed other patients. He also found that the air in 22 ...................... in hospitals could change as often as in a modern operating theatre. He suggests that energy use could be reduced by locating more patients in 23 ...................... areas.

A major reason for improving ventilation in 19th-century hospitals was the demand from the 24 ...................... for protection against bad air, known as 25 ...................... These were blamed for the spread of disease for hundreds of years, including epidemics of 26 ...................... in London and Paris in the middle of the 19th century.

分析

题目标题中的19th-century hospital wards可以划定位词。

第19题题干可以划定位词的有Professor Alan Short，Shaw Billings。第19题空格前面是the architectural, 空格后边是of hospitals，所以空格应该是跟architectural【建筑学】和hospitals紧密相连的名词。

第20-21题干可以划定位词的有air和patients。第20题空格前面是calculated that, 空格后边是in the air，所以空格应该是空气里的一种微粒。第21题空格前面是suffering from，空格后边是would not have harmed，所以空格应该是一种疾病。

第22题题干可以划定位词的有modern operating theater。第22题空格前面是air in, 后边是in hospitals，所以空格应该是医院里的一种空间，比如房屋之类的。

第23题题干可以划定位词的有energy和areas。第23题空格前面是locating more patients in，空格后边是areas，所以空格应该是修饰areas的形容词。

第24-25题题干可以划定位的有protection和bad air。第24题空格前面是demand from the,空格后边是for protection，所以空格应该是表示一类人的名词。第25题前面是known as, 所以空格应该是表示名称的词，有可能大写。（注意，大写的一定是专有名词，但专有名词不一定大写。）

第26题题干可以划定位词的有hundreds of years，London and Paris，in the middle of the 19th century（可能会对应1940-1960之间的任一年份）。第26题空格前面是epidemics of【…的流行病】， 空格后边是in London and Paris，所以空格应该是具体疾病的名称。

定位

D Short's book highlights a developing and sophisticated art and science of ventilating buildings through the 19th and earlier-20th centuries, including the design of ingeniously ventilated hospitals. Of particular interest were those built to the designs of John Shaw Billings, including the first Johns Hopkins Hospital in the US city of Baltimore (1873-1889).

'We spent three years digitally modelling Billings' final designs,' says Short. 'We put pathogens·in the airstreams, modelled for someone with tuberculosis (TB) coughing in the wards and we found the ventilation systems in the room would have kept other patients safe from harm.

E 'We discovered that 19th-century hospital wards could generate up to 24 air changes an hour - that's similar to the performance of a modern-day, computer-controlled operating theatre. We believe you could build wards based on these principles now.

Single rooms are not appropriate for all patients. Communal wards appropriate for certain patients - older people with dementia, for example - would work just as well in today's hospitals, at a fraction of the energy cost.’

F Much of the ingenuity present in 19th-century hospital and building design was driven by a panicked public clamouring for buildings that could protect against what was thought to be the lethal threat of miasmas - toxic air that spread disease. Miasmas were feared as the principal agents of disease and epidemics for centuries, and were used to explain the spread of infection from the Middle Ages right through to the cholera outbreaks in London and Paris during the 1850s. Foul air, rather than germs, was believed to be the main driver of 'hospital fever', leading to disease and frequent death. The prosperous steered clear of hospitals.

While miasma theory has been long since disproved, Short has for the last 30 years advocated a return to some of the building design principles produced in its wake. 

答案

上文D段第 一句出现了定位词Short，第二句出现了定位词John Shaw Billings。第 一句中出现的ingeniously ventilated hospitals【（具有）巧妙通风（设计的）医院】对应题干中的to ensure they had good ventilation，所以这句中跟建筑学相关的，而且跟hospital紧密相连的名词design是第19题的答案。

上文D段第四句中的in the airstreams对应题干中的in the air， 所以第20题的答案是pathogens【病原体】。这句后半句中表示疾病的词是tuberculosis (TB)【结核病】，所以第21题的答案是tuberculosis。注意，不要把coughing写成答案，这个不是疾病，而是疾病导致的症状。

上文E段第 一句出现了定位词modern-day, computer-controlled operating theatre，这句中表示医院里的一种空间的只有wards【病房】这个词，所以第22题答案是wards。如果不认识这个词，那就找跟hospital 挨着的名词也能找到这个答案。

上文E段第四句中出现了定位词energy， 这句中的at a fraction of【仅仅是（原来的）一部分】对应题干中的energy use could be reduced， 这句中的wards【病房】对应题干中的area【区域】，所以第23题答案是前面的形容词communal【公共的】。

上文F段第 一句出现了定位词19th-century hospital，这句中的clamouring for【呼吁】对应题干中的demand from，所以第24题的答案是public。这句中的toxic air对应题干中的bad air， 这句中的破折号意味着前面是一个名称，后边是对这个名词的解释，所以第25题的答案是miasmas【瘴气】，这句中的lethal threat of【…的致命威胁】也能看出这个词是一种疾病。

上文F段第二句出现了定位词for centuries，Middle Ages，in London and Paris，这句中的during the 1850s对应题干中的in the middle of the 19th century，紧挨着London and Paris的短语cholera outbreaks中outbreak可以看出它是out+break这么构成的，它的短语形式应该是break out，是“爆发”的意思，所以这里outbreak仅仅是变成了名词，意思没变，还是“爆发”的意思，所以前面的cholera【霍乱】是第26题的答案。

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