雅思阅读真题解析-剑16Test4Passage3-Attitudes towards Artificial-标题配对题

　　雅思阅读真题解析-剑16Test4Passage3-Attitudes towards Artificial-标题配对题

　　标题配对题

　　Questions 27-32

　　Reading Passage 3 has six sections, A-F.

　　Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below.

　　Write the correct number, i-viii, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet.

　　分析

　　i An increasing divergence of attitudes towards Al

　　分析：选项可以划关键词的有attitudes， 抽象词是increasing divergence, 原文中对应不同观点之间的转折关系，而且要出现观点的具体内容。

　　ii Reasons why we have more faith in human judgement than in Al

　　分析：选项可以划关键词的有human judgement，原文中要出现人类与人工智能之间的比较；标题中的reason在原文中可能会对应疑问句和并列句，用来解释具体原因。

　　iii The superiority of Al projections over those made by humans

　　分析：选项可以划关键词的有projections【预测】，原文中要出现人类与人工智能之间的比较。

　　iv The process by which Al can help us make good decisions

　　分析：选项可以划关键词的有good decisions, 选项中的process在原文中对应具体一件事。

　　v The advantages of involving users in Al processes

　　分析：选项可以划关键词的有users和AI process, advantages在原文中对应正面的描述。

　　vi Widespread distrust of an Al innovation

　　分析：选项可以划关键词的有distrust和innovation，这个标题在原文中对应负面的描述。

　　vii Encouraging openness about how Al functions

　　分析：选项可以划关键词的有openness【公开性】，标题中的how AI functions在原文中可能会对应the way/approaches等表示方法的词。

　　viii A surprisingly successful Al application

　　分析：选项可以划关键词的有surprisingly, 这个词在原文中找同义替换词即可。这个标题在原文中对应正面的描述。

　　段落

　　A Artificial intelligence (AI) can already predict the future. Police forces are using it to map when and where crime is likely to occur. Doctors can use it to predict when a patient is most likely to have a heart attack or stroke. Researchers are even trying to give AI imagination so it can plan for unexpected consequences.

　　Many decisions in our lives require a good forecast, and AI is almost always better at forecasting than we are. Yet for all these technological advances, we still seem to deeply lack confidence in AI predictions. Recent cases show that people don’t like relying on AI and prefer to trust human experts, even if these experts are wrong.

　　If we want AI to really benefit people, we need to find a way to get people to trust it. To do that, we need to understand why people are so reluctant to trust AI in the first place.

　　答案

　　上文第 一小段第 一句出现了predict the future，第二小段第 一句出现了good forecast，都可以对应标题iii The superiority of Al projections over those made by humans中的projections, 第二段第 一句后半句的AI is almost always better at forecasting than we are可以对应标题iii中的superiority，所以标题iii备选。

　　下一句中出现的lack confidence可以对应标题ii Reasons why we have more faith in human judgement than in Al中的more faith，但这一小段和下一小段都没有标题ii中的reasons，所以标题ii不能选。

　　所以答案是iii。

　　段落

　　BTake the case of Watson for Oncology, one of technology giant IBM’s supercomputer programs. Their attempt to promote this program to cancer doctors was a PR disaster. The AI promised to deliver top-quality recommendations on the treatment of 12 cancers that accounted for 80% of the world’s cases. But when doctors first interacted with Watson, they found themselves in a rather difficult situation. On the one hand, if Watson provided guidance about a treatment that coincided with their own opinions, physicians did not see much point in Watson’s recommendations. The supercomputer was simply telling them what they already knew, and these recommendations did not change the actual treatment.

　　On the other hand, if Watson generated a recommendation that contradicted the experts’ opinion, doctors would typically conclude that Watson wasn’t competent. And the machine wouldn’t be able to explain why its treatment was plausible because its machine-learning algorithms were simply too complex to be fully understood by humans. Consequently, this has caused even more suspicion and disbelief, leading many doctors to ignore the seemingly outlandish AI recommendations and stick to their own expertise.

　　答案

　　上文第 一小段出现了Take the case of【举...的例子】，所以这我们应该跳过例子，找总结性的句子。下一小段开头出现了on the other hand【另一方面】，还是在说例子的后续，所以应该这一段的结尾句。最后一句中的even more suspicion and disbelief对应标题vi Widespread distrust of an Al innovation中的widespread distrust，这个标题中的an AI innovation指的是这段例子中讲述的超级电脑Watson，所以段落第 一句和最后一句可以对应改标题，答案是vi。

　　段落

　　C This is just one example of people’s lack of confidence in AI and their reluctance to accept what AI has to offer. Trust in other people is often based on our understanding of how others think and having experience of their reliability. This helps create a psychological feeling of safety. AI, on the other hand, is still fairly new and unfamiliar to most people. Even if it can be technically explained (and that’s not always the case), AI’s decision-making process is usually too difficult for most people to comprehend. And interacting with something we don’t understand can cause anxiety and give us a sense that we’re losing control.

　　Many people are also simply not familiar with many instances of AI actually working, because it often happens in the background. Instead, they are acutely aware of instances where AI goes wrong. Embarrassing AI failures receive a disproportionate amount of media attention, emphasising the message that we cannot rely on technology. Machine learning is not foolproof, in part because the humans who design it aren’t.

　　答案

　　上文第 一句中的This is just one example of people’s lack of confidence in AI可以看出上一段讲了一个lack of confidence的例子，这段应该会接着讲跟lack of confidence相关的内容，标题中跟lack of confidence对应的标题有ii Reasons why we have more faith in human judgement than in Al，为了选这个标题，我们要找出human和AI的比较。

　　第 一小段第二句讲的是Trust in other people, 对应faith in human judgement，第四句中的on the other hand表示human和AI的比较，对应标题ii中的than，第三句中的

　　a psychological feeling of safety对应标题ii中的more faith，所以C段选标题ii。

　　段落

　　D Feelings about AI run deep. In a recent experiment, people from a range of backgrounds were given various sci-fi films about AI to watch and then asked questions about automation in everyday life. It was found that, regardless of whether the film they watched depicted AI in a positive or negative light, simply watching a cinematic vision of our technological future polarised the participants’

　　attitudes. Optimists became more extreme in their enthusiasm for AI and sceptics became even more guarded.

　　This suggests people use relevant evidence about AI in a biased manner to support their existing attitudes, a deep-rooted human tendency known as “confirmation bias”. As AI is represented more and more in media and entertainment, it could lead to a society split between those who benefit from AI and those who reject it. More pertinently, refusing to accept the advantages offered by AI could place a large group of people at a serious disadvantage.

　　答案

　　上文第 一小段第 一句出现了Feelings about AI，所以这段讲述的应该是人们对AI的看法。第 一小段最后一句出现了optimists和sceptics的两种观点，对应的标题有

　　i An increasing divergence of attitudes towards Al，最后一句中的became more对应标题i中的increasing， 最后一句的optimists和sceptics,对应标题i的divergence【分歧】，最后一句的enthusiasm【热情】和more guarded【更加谨慎】对应标题i中的attitudes，所以D段选i。

　　段落

　　E Fortunately, we already have some ideas about how to improve trust in AI. Simply having previous experience with AI can significantly improve people’s opinions about the technology, as was found in the study mentioned above. Evidence also suggests the more you use other technologies such as the internet, the more you trust them.

　　Another solution may be to reveal more about the algorithms which AI uses and the purposes they serve. Several high-profile social media companies and online marketplaces already release transparency reports about government requests and surveillance disclosures. A similar practice for AI could help people have a better understanding of the way algorithmic decisions are made.

　　答案

　　上文第 一小段和第二小段的第 一句都提到了solution。跟solution相关的标题有v The advantages of involving users in Al processes和vii Encouraging openness about how Al functions。第二小段第 一句中的reveal more about对应标题vii中的encouraging openness，第二小段第 一句中的algorithms which AI uses and the purposes they serve对应标题vii中的about how AI functions，所以答案是vii。这段中没有标题v中的involving users【让用户参与进来】对应的信息， 所以不能选v。

　　段落

　　F Research suggests that allowing people some control over AI decision-making could also improve trust and enable AI to learn from human experience. For example, one study showed that when people were allowed the freedom to slightly modify an algorithm, they felt more satisfied with its decisions, more likely to believe it was superior and more likely to use it in the future.

　　We don’t need to understand the intricate inner workings of AI systems, but if people are given a degree of responsibility for how they are implemented, they will be more willing to accept AI into their lives.

　　答案

　　上文第 一小段第二句是for example,所以论点句是第 一句。第 一句中的allowing people some control可以对应标题v中的involving users, 第 一句中的could also improve trust 可以对应标题v中的The advantages，第 一句中的over AI decision-making对应标题v中的in Al processes，所以F段选v。

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